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UNIVERSITY
OF PUERTO RICO, MAYAGUEZ
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| Introduction |
Biomedical Engineer |
Specialty Areas |
Special Examples |
Contact |
Biofluid Dynamics |
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Biomaterials
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Related website:
www.bmenet.org
or
www.bme.fiu.edu
or
www.bmes.org or m_goyal@ece.uprm.edu
Introduction
Biomedical
Engineers apply electrical, mechanical, chemical, optical and
engineering mechanics principles to understand, modify, or control
biologic (i.e., human and animal) systems, as well as design and
manufacture products that can monitor physiologic functions and assist in
the diagnosis and treatment of patients.
When biomedical engineers work within a hospital or clinic, they
are more properly called clinical engineers.
The field of biomedical engineering includes many new careers areas
as follows:
§
Biofluid Mechanics & Computational Fluid
Dynamics.
§ Application of engineering system analysis (physiologic modeling, simulation and control) to living systems.
§ Detection, measurement, and monitoring of physiologic signals (biosensors and biomedical instrumentation).
§ Diagnostic interpretation via signal – processing techniques of bioelectric data.
§ Therapeutic and rehabilitation procedures and devices: Rehabilitation Eng.
§ Devices for replacement or augmentation of bodily functions: artificial organs.
§ Computer analysis of patient related data and clinical decision making: Bioinformatics and artificial intelligence.
§
Medical imaging: Graphic display of anatomic detail or
physiologic function.
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§ The creation of new biologic products: Biotechnology and tissue engineering.
§ Biomaterial engineering.
§ Biomechanics of human body.
§ Design of telemetry systems for patient monitoring.
§ Computer modeling of the biofluid systems of human body.
§ Expert systems for biodiagnostics.
§ Sports engineering
§ Biosafety engineering.
§
Biothemodynamics and biomass transport phenomena.
Biomedical
Engineering ranges from theoretical, non experimental understandings to
state of art applications. It
encompasses research, development, implementation and operation.
Biomedical engineers can provide the tools and techniques to make
the health care system more effective and efficient.
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A Biomedical Engineer uses traditional engineering expertise to analyze and solve problems in biology and medicine, providing an overall enhancement of health care. Students choose the biomedical engineering field to be of service to people, to partake of the excitement of working with living systems, and to apply advanced technology to the complex problems of medical care. The biomedical engineer works with other health care professionals including physicians, nurses, therapists and technicians. Biomedical engineers may be called upon in a wide range of capacities: to design instruments, devices, and software, to bring together knowledge from many technical sources to develop new procedures, or to conduct research needed to solve clinical problems.
In this field there is continual change and
creation of new areas due to rapid advancement in technology; however,
some of the well established specialty areas within the field of
biomedical engineering are: bioinstrumentation; biomaterials;
biomechanics; cellular, tissue and genetic engineering; clinical
engineering; medical imaging; orthopaedic surgery; rehabilitation
engineering; and systems physiology.
Bioinstrumentation is the application of
electronics and measurement techniques to develop devices used in
diagnosis and treatment of disease. Computers are an essential part of
bioinstrumentation, from the microprocessor in a single-purpose instrument
used to do a variety of small tasks to the microcomputer needed to process
the large amount of information in a medical imaging system.
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Biomaterials include both living tissue and artificial materials used for implantation. Understanding the properties and behavior of living material is vital in the design of implant materials. The selection of an appropriate material to place in the human body may be one of the most difficult tasks faced by the biomedical engineer. Certain metal alloys, ceramics, polymers, and composites have been used as implantable materials. Biomaterials must be nontoxic, non-carcinogenic, chemically inert, stable, and mechanically strong enough to withstand the repeated forces of a lifetime. Newer biomaterials even incorporate living cells in order to provide a true biological and mechanical match for the living tissue.
Biomechanics applies classical mechanics
(statics,
dynamics, fluids, solids, thermodynamics, and continuum mechanics) to
biological or medical problems. It includes the study of motion, material
deformation, flow within the body and in devices, and transport of
chemical constituents across biological and synthetic media and membranes.
Progress in biomechanics has led to the development of the artificial
heart and heart valves, artificial joint replacements, as well as a better
understanding of the function of the heart and lung, blood vessels and
capillaries, and bone, cartilage, intervertebral discs, ligaments and
tendons of the musculoskeletal systems.
Cellular, Tissue and Genetic Engineering
involve more recent attempts to attack biomedical problems at the
microscopic level. These areas utilize the anatomy, biochemistry and
mechanics of cellular and sub-cellular structures in order to understand
disease processes and to be able to intervene at very specific sites. With
these capabilities, miniature devices deliver compounds that can stimulate
or inhibit cellular processes at precise target locations to promote
healing or inhibit disease formation and progression.
Clinical Engineering
is
the application of technology to health care in hospitals. The clinical
engineer is a member of the health care team along with physicians, nurses
and other hospital staff. Clinical engineers are responsible for
developing and maintaining computer databases of medical instrumentation
and equipment records and for the purchase and use of sophisticated
medical instruments. They may also work with physicians to adapt
instrumentation to the specific needs of the physician and the hospital.
This often involves the interface of instruments with computer systems and
customized software for instrument control and data acquisition and
analysis. Clinical engineers are involved with the application of the
latest technology to health care.
Medical Imaging
combines
knowledge of a unique physical phenomenon (sound, radiation, magnetism,
etc.) with high speed electronic data processing, analysis and display to
generate an image. Often, these images can be obtained with minimal or
completely noninvasive procedures, making them less painful and more
readily repeatable than invasive techniques.
Orthopaedic Bioengineering
is
the specialty where methods of engineering and computational mechanics
have been applied for the understanding of the function of bones, joints
and muscles, and for the design of artificial joint replacements.
Orthopaedic bioengineers analyze the friction, lubrication and wear
characteristics of natural and artificial joints; they perform stress
analysis of the musculoskeletal system; and they develop artificial
biomaterials (biologic and synthetic) for replacement of bones,
cartilages, ligaments, tendons, meniscus and intervertebral discs. They
often perform gait and motion analyses for sports performance and patient
outcome following surgical procedures. Orthopaedic bioengineers also
pursue fundamental studies on cellular function, and mechano-signal
transduction.
Rehabilitation Engineering is a growing
specialty area of biomedical engineering. Rehabilitation engineers enhance
the capabilities and improve the quality of life for individuals with
physical and cognitive impairments. They are involved in prosthetics, the
development of home, workplace and transportation modifications and the
design of assistive technology that enhance seating and positioning,
mobility, and communication. Rehabilitation engineers are also developing
hardware and software computer adaptations and cognitive aids to assist
people with cognitive difficulties.
Systems Physiology
is
the term used to describe that aspect of biomedical engineering in which
engineering strategies, techniques and tools are used to gain a
comprehensive and integrated understanding of the function of living
organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Computer modeling is used in
the analysis of experimental data and in formulating mathematical
descriptions of physiological events. In research, predictor models are
used in designing new experiments to refine our knowledge. Living systems
have highly regulated feedback control systems that can be examined with
state-of-the-art techniques. Examples are the biochemistry of metabolism
and the control of limb movements.
These specialty areas frequently depend on each other. Often, the biomedical engineer who works in an applied field will use knowledge gathered by biomedical engineers working in other areas. For example, the design of an artificial hip is greatly aided by studies on anatomy, bone biomechanics, gait analysis, and biomaterial compatibility. The forces that are applied to the hip can be considered in the design and material selection for the prosthesis. Similarly, the design of systems to electrically stimulate paralyzed muscle to move in a controlled way uses knowledge of the behavior of the human musculoskeletal system. The selection of appropriate materials used in these devices falls within the realm of the biomaterials engineer.
Work done by biomedical engineers may include a wide range of activities such as:
Accredited Programs:
Accreditation Board for Engineering & Technology (ABET), 111 Market
Place, Suite 1050, Baltimore, MD 21202-4012, 410-347-7700 or www.abet.org/accredited_prgs.html
Graduate Programs: Available on the Internet at www.bmenet.org and
Peterson's Guide to Graduate Programs at http://iiswinprd01.petersons.com/gradchannel/
Academic Programs in Biomedical Engineering: Available on the Internet
at www.bmenet.org
or
bmes.org
Biomedical Engineering Academic Program Annual Report. Available on the
Internet at www.bmenet.org
Also
write to: Biomedical
Engineering Society, 8401 Corporate Drive, Suite 110
Landover, Maryland 20785, USA.
Tel. 301-459-1999 FAX: 301-459-2444
www.bmes.org
BIOFLUID DYNAMICS of HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
Body fluids differ from one another because of composition of their solutes. Regardless, these all have a common characteristic: They are all formed mainly by water. Despite their solid resemblance animals are 70 to 90 percent water. For example, the human body is 70 percent water. Of this 70 percent approximately 50 percent is made up of cellular water, 15 percent are intestinal fluids, and 5 percent is plasma found in the blood. Body fluids contain various diluted organic and inorganic substances.
In July of 2001, we conducted first congress on "Biofluid dynamics of human body systems". The purpose of this congress was to show and learn how the biofluids of the many body systems function and help to maintain a great physical state. In this congress we discussed BIOFLUID DYNAMICS OF:
Brain system.
Ear/throat/ nose system.
Circulatory system.
Reproductive system.
Digestive system.
Respiratory system.
Urinary system.
Arthritis.
Urinary system.
Instrumentation and measurements for the human body.
Challenges in Biofluid dynamics of human body systems.
In July of 2002, we conducted second congress on "Biofluid dynamics and Engineering of Artificial Organs". The purpose of this congress was to learn biofluid dynamics of:
Challenges and future of Artificial Organs.
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to top || SUMMARY
3rd Congress of
Biofluid Dynamics of Human Body Systems
July 10, 2004
CONGRESS HEAD GROUP
Megh R Goyal,
Professor
Ricardo Báez
Joel Blanco
Juan Flores
Damián Guzman
Jorge Rodríguez
Arlene
Santiago
Carlos Villalobos
On July 10 of 2004, we conducted third congress on "Biofluid dynamics of human body systems". The purpose of this congress was to show and learn how the biofluids of the many body systems function and help to maintain a great physical state. In this congress we discussed BIOFLUID DYNAMICS OF:
Brain system: Guillermo Colon, Carlos Cruz, Roberto Latorre.
Ear/throat/ nose system: Melvin Martinez, Luis Román, Carlos Villalobos.
Ballooning and Stenting: Luis Alicea, José Torres, Alexis Vargas
Properties of Body Fluids: Ricardo Baez, Annette Romero, Giovanny Soto.
Artificial Kidneys: Ayesha Correa, Beatriz Rutzen, Arlene Santiago.
Artificial Lungs: Osvaldo Colon, Juan San Miguel, Luis A Zayas.
Urinary system: Luis E de Jesús, Yarimar Padua, Meliisa Pérez.
Arthritis and Body pain: Waleska Echevarría, Damian Guzman, Yanaira Ocas.
Dimensional Analysis of Biological
Systems: Carlos Ortiz, Jorge Rodríguez,
Carlos Vázquez..
Instrumentation and measurements
for the human body: Joel Blanco,
Bayoan Ortiz, Xavier Piñero
Advances in Biofluidsof human body:
Dra. Abigail Matos, University of Puerto
Rico and Dra. Ivette Ríos Lamberty MD
Bioheat transfer in our body: Noel Faria, Juan Flores, Angel Rodríguez
Biomass Transfer: Jorge Alvarado, Reyinald Garcia, Hector Peña
SUMMARY OF PRESENTATIONS
Arthritis and body pain cause stiffness, pain and fatigue. The synovial fluid lubricates the joints. The articular cartilage increases the area of load distribution and to provide a smooth wear resistant surface. Arthrocentesis is a puncturing of the joint space with a sterile needle for sampling synovial fluid. Arthrocentesis refers to injecting medications into the joint space. Many treatment options are available for arthritis: from over-the-counter medicines, such as aspirin, to prescription medicines, such as COX-2 specific inhibitors, to surgery.
Artificial kidneys: Renal failure requires artificial machines to fulfill these functions. These machines are used as a bridge to kidney transplantation. There are two types of dialysis treatment: peritoneal dialysis (done at home) and hemodialysis (done at the hospital or a dialysis unit).
Artificial lungs (Partially or totally): Pulmonary ventilation results from tidal expansion and relaxation
of the lung. Respiratory muscles serve as a mechanical pump. Our right lung accounts for 55% and the left lung for
45% of total gas volume. Gas-filled cavities (250-350 million) have a total alveolar surface area of 50-100 m² and are
responsible for gas exchange. Up to 15th generation, movement of gases in the respiratory airways occurs mainly by
bulk flow (convection) throughout the region from the mouth to the nose. Beyond the 15th generation, gas diffusion
is more important. Artificial ventilators or respirators (negative-pressure and positive-pressure types) help to artificially
ventilate the lungs of diseased patients. The therapist selects the oxygen content and the pressure at which the breath is
delivered. The patient can control the volume and the rate of respiration.
Bioheat transfer: The human body is composed of 70% of fluids which help in the thermoregulatory processes for maintaining a constant temperature of 37.4°C. In our body, net bioheat conducted out must be equal to heat generated within our body minus change in the energy storage in our body. Measuring the body temperature is an indicator of a physiologic state. We are warm-blooded living beings because we maintain constant body temperature regardless of the environment. Heat is produced through the metabolism of food and body secretions and during physical work. Body heat is lost through radiation, convection, evaporation, and urine/feces losses. Sweat glands help in perspiration. A person at rest may loose 900 mL of water daily.
Biomass transfer in a human body provides major constraints on the metabolic rates and anatomy of living organisms, from the organization of organ networks to internal cellular structures. We perspire which helps to maintain constant body temperature of 37.4°C. Convective transport dominates in the major blood vessels and airways but becomes comparable to diffusion and reaction in the functional units surrounding capillaries and sinusoids. At the cellular and sub-cellular levels, concentration diffusion is complicated by electrical effects and a wide variety of carrier transport processes. This interacts in complex ways with enzymatic and genetic reactions.
The brain
gives commands through the nervous system to the entire body through blood
and Cerebrospinal fluid. The CSF allows the neurons to transport
information to the different parts of the body and thus permitting the
many actions that make the human body the complex machine that it is.
Stenting and Ballooning: Stents are devices that can keep open the obstructed airways and coronary artery. These are effective treatments for the obstruction of airways and coronary arteries. The patients with stents are vulnerable to thrombosis and restenosis. This paper includes: Applications of Fluid Mechanics in the design of the stent; the effect on the walls of the artery or the formation of balloons; Different methods on how stents and the artery veins are studied with computational analysis with “Ansys” or “CFX” programs.
The human ENT system: The human ear can pick up sounds that move the tympanic membrane by very slight vibrations, such as those made by dropping a pin. These vibrations are transmitted to the bones of the middle ear, where they are amplified so sound waves can reach the inner ear and be transformed into electrical impulses to the brain. The nose brings air into the respiratory tract and filters, warms, and moistens the incoming air. The nose's resonating chambers, above the roof of the mouth, contribute to speech. The throat or pharynx is part of the system that delivers air to the lungs, food and drink to the stomach, and sounds from the vocal cords to the mouth. This system is affected owing to exposure with external fluids that compound the ecosystem.
The dimensional analysis includes formation of dimensionless groups, Buckingham Pi-Theorem, Modeling and Similitude, Examples of biological systems.
Properties of Human Body fluids include density, specific volume, viscosity, surface tension, and pH. Also chemical properties are discussed.
Instrumentation and measurements of body fluids discusses instruments to measure various body parameters.
Urinary system
has functions of eliminating the
water-soluble nitrogenous end-products of protein metabolism; maintaining
electrolyte balance in body fluids and getting rid of the excess
electrolytes; contributing to obligatory water loss and discharge excess
water in the urine and maintaining acid-base balance in body fluids and
tissues. To fulfill these functions, our kidneys process plasma water.
Celebran “3er Congreso de la dinámica de biofluidos de los
sistemas corporales”
PRENSA RUM <http://www.uprm.edu/news/articles/as0852004.html>
|
miércoles, 14 de julio de 2004 El
pasado sábado, 10 de julio se celebró el “Tercer congreso de la
dinámica de biofluidos de los sistemas corporales” en el auditorio del
Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Agrimensura del Recinto
Universitario de Mayagüez.
|
El
congreso tuvo el auspicio de la Oficina del Decano de Ingeniería, así
como de los departamentos de Ingeniería Civil y Agrimensura,
Ingeniería General e Ingeniería Mecánica. El Comité Organizador estuvo
compuesto por Goyal, Ricardo Báez, Joel Blanco, Juan Flores, Damián
Guzmán, Jorge Rodríguez, Arlene Santiago y Carlos Villalobos.
Vídeo en
línea del 3er congreso: |
CANCIONES DEL CONGRESO
"Por Osvaldo Colon" Estoy tomando una clase de verano,
se llama mecánica de los fluidos
el Prof. Megh Goyal la está dando.
Me va muy bien, he aprendido mucho;
que Dios hizo la P,
que Dios hizo la gamma
que Dios hizo la h,
que Goyal nos enseñó,
que P= gamma *h
Que vacilón es el Congreso,
ya que vamos a presentar nuestro proyecto.
Si quieres aprender sobre
los biofluidos del cuerpo humano
el 10 de julio es la fecha
"Por
Yarimar Padua"
Dame la "F" ¡F!
Dame la "L" ¡L!
Dame la "U" ¡U!
Dame la "I" ¡I!
Dame la "D" ¡D!
Dame la "O" ¡O!
Dame la "S" ¡S!
Pom pom pom pom pom pom pom
Al levantarme por la mañana (aah)
Abro mi boca para exclamar (aah)
P=gamma * h, P=gamma * h
Y feliz a fluidos llegar (llegar)
Pom pom pom pom pom pom pom
En las tardes no me aburro más (aah)
Es difícil que pueda pasar (pasar)
Me entretengo con fluidos,
me entre tengo con fluidos
Siempre estoy listo (a) para estudiar (estudiar)
Pom pom pom pom pom pom pom
Sabias palabras yo puedo sentir (sentir)
De mi corazón quieren fluir (fluir)
P=gamma * h, P= gamma * h
Es lo que quiero decir (decir, decir)
Pom pom pom pom pom pom pom
Dame la "F" ¡F!
Dame la "L" ¡L!
Dame la "U" ¡U!
Dame la "I" ¡I!
Dame la "D" ¡D!
Dame la "O" ¡O!
Dame la "S" ¡S!
||
Student Projects in Engineering Biomechanics: Fluid Mechanics,
Mechanics of Materials and Statics ||
|| Biofluid
Dynamics || Education/employment
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Microirrigation ||
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